Electronic Research

  Floating condition If there is nothing connected to your controller pin and that pin read condition of your sensor connected to it or peripherals connected to it. Then sometimes undefined voltage appears at pin and controller take that pin as a state either high or low and perform action according to that. That condition is called as a floating condition. What is pull up and pull down condition ? To eliminate this floating condition pin of controller that read state either high or low is pulled to high or low. When pin of controller is pulled to high then it is called pull up and if pin is pulled to low then it is called as a pull down. Based on initial condition of pin pull up and pull down is selected. In pull up pin of controller is connected to VCC through a resistor and in pull down pin is connected to ground through resistor. Below are the pictures for reference. During this selection of pull down and pull up resistor plays major role. Mostly 4k7 is preferred resistor in sc...

 Here are some interesting capacitor hack questions you may like to know. 1. Why electrolytic capacitors have polarities ? > Electrolytic capacitor has polarity markings, since the dielectric is formed by chemical reaction between electrolytes and anode plate, which holds some potential inside them. There dielectric is oxide layer which is formed by passing current in one direction from anode to electrolyte. 2. What will happen if we reversed polarity of capacitor ? >  If the polarity is reversed while connecting, the dielectric in the form of oxide layer is damaged. A heavy current flows, large amount of heat is generated and capacitor gets damaged. An explosion can result if it not provided with safety against explosion. But this happens with only polarized capacitor non polarized capacitor doesn't get damage. 3. Why do electrolytic capacitors have positive and negative terminals whereas the polarity of charge changes according to the charging and discharging of the ca...

 👉What is decoupling capacitor ? In electronics we use some circuits which are highly sensitive to current and voltage spikes, voltage fluctuations and electrical noise we need to protect these devices. And capacitors are used to filter voltage and also they protect microchips from electrical noise. So, these capacitors which are used to protect circuit from external noise and voltage spikes and fluctuations are called as decoupling capacitor. They separate device from other circuit to which they are connected.  👉Where to place decoupling capacitors on PCB ? These circuits are placed as close as possible to microchip. They also provide extra energy to the IC's and remove disturbances to the logic signal.  What type of capacitors we should use for decoupling ? 1. Ceramic COG : small, low loss 2. Ceramic X7R : small, low loss and higher values than COG Above types of capacitor's are mostly preferred in RF decoupling applications. 3. Electrolytic capacitor from 0.1uf to 10...

  MIPI has introduced with I3C protocol of communication it is type of intra system communication protocol. Intra system communication protocol is a protocol defined to communicate between components within circuit boards. I3C has same two pins as a SDA and SCL. SDA is used to transfer data and SCL is used for clock. As I3C uses clock for synchronization it is synchronous communication protocol. The major difference between I2C and I3C is I2C uses open drain and I3C can switch between open drain and pull up. In open drain MOSFET is used with pull up resistor and when gate voltage is applied it completes circuit and drain voltage is get at drain terminal of MOSFET during this source pin is given to ground. In I3C selection pull up resistor is important factor else it may loss data. Calculating pull up resistor is simply by ohm's law V=IR where V is voltage is drain voltage and I is drain current though pull up resistor (R). So why open drain is used in I3C? As I3C is multi master an...

  What is CM ? CM stands for contract manufacturer.  Contract manufacturer is a third party that manufacture product components or product for company . It is basically outsourcing and most of startup and small scale companies prefer it as it provide more advantages to company. CM pays big role in any product manufacturing and product designing and development. While designing any design CM tolerance is considered because later mass production is done by contract manufacturer. What is CM tolerance ? Every  contract manufacturer has a PCB tolerance for safety purpose of components which we are going to mount on PCB and also for a person who is going to handle PCB.  Here are few of CM tolerance which we consider while designing a product. 1.Component spacing : Component spacing helps to prevent component crowding, forming of unwanted solder bridge which can be dangerous for circuit and can form short circuit. It also helps in RF circuit to prevent EMI. 2.Drill hole and...